FOI 556-2024 / June 2024 / Facial recognition
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION REQUEST REFERENCE NO: 556-2024
I write in connection with your request for information which was received on 10th June 2024 as follows:
1 - Please provide details of any and all contract(s) with Amazon for its Rekognition facial recognition technology, including the start date of any such contract(s)
2 - Please can you also let me know whether the force has used the technology - including whether it is currently using the technology - and if so when (dates, eg start and end dates, or start date and continuous use up to present day)
3 - Please can you also let me know whether contract(s) with Amazon for the use of its Rekognition technology have been altered, or new contract(s) for the technology have been signed, since 10th June 2020
4 - Please also include the financial details of any such contract(s) - the cost (£) of procuring the technology
5 - Please also let me know how the technology has been used, if it has been used (a broad overview of the use case(s) will suffice)
Please limit the above searches to the period 2016 to the present day.
Please find the Warwickshire Police response set out below.
Response: Warwickshire Police can neither confirm nor deny whether information is held as the duty in Section 1(1)(a) of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (the Act) does not apply by virtue of the following exemptions:
Section 24(2) – National Security
Section 31(3) – Law Enforcement
Sections 24, and 31 are prejudice based qualified exemptions and there is a requirement to articulate the harm that would be caused in confirming or denying that any other information is held as well as carrying out a public interest test.
Overall Harm
Any disclosure under FOI is a release to the public at large. Under the Act, we cannot, and do not, request the motives of any application for information. We have no doubt that the vast majority of requests made under the Act are legitimate and the applicants do not have any ulterior motives. Whilst not questioning the motives behind this specific request, confirming or denying that information is held regarding business with Amazon Rekogintion, or any other likeminded third-party provider, would cause operational harm and affect our ability to fulfil our core function of law enforcement in the future.
Confirming or denying if a particular policing tool of this type (in this case Amazon Rekognition) is used, or has been trialled by Warwickshire Police is different from confirming if, in principle, commercial tools generally are used within the scope of facial recognition technology.
It is well established that police forces use publicly available data in order to counteract criminal or terrorist behaviour. It has been previously documented in the media that many terrorist incidents have been thwarted due to intelligence gained by these means. However, given the sensitive areas in which tools may be used, including within the sphere of counter-terrorism investigations, to disclose if any particular products or tools are trialled, or subsequently used, would allow criminals and other adversaries to focus on evaluating the particular capabilities of such. With this knowledge it would allow criminals and other adversaries to take steps to counteract them – be it simply adjusting how they interact and present themselves to take advantage of any weaknesses or gaps in capability they identify. At a simple level, if a policing tool does not do something, such as search ‘X ‘social media site or was unable to identify ‘Y’ format of images, and criminals can establish this, they will exploit this position. More sophisticated adversaries may be able to go further and take more proactive measures to undermine the tool and/or its provider, and a specific confirmation allows efforts to be focused accordingly.
This detrimental effect is increased if the request is made to several different law enforcement bodies. In addition to the local criminal fraternity now being better informed, those intent on disrupting policing functions throughout the UK will be able to ‘map’ where the use of certain tools, and thereby tactics, may or may not be deployed. This can be useful information to those committing (or those intent on committing or planning) crime.
Any information identifying the focus of policing activity could be used to the advantage of terrorists or criminal organisations. Information that undermines the operational integrity of these activities will adversely affect public safety and have a negative impact on both National Security and Law Enforcement.
Public Interest Test
Section 24 - Factors Favouring Confirming or Denying
The information, if held, only relates to national security and confirming or denying whether it is held would not actually harm it. The public are entitled to know what public funds are spent on and what measures are in place. By confirming or denying if business is conducted with Amazon Rekognition, or any other likeminded third-party provider, would lead to a better informed public.
Section 24 - Factors Against Confirming or Denying
Confirming or denying whether any information is held would render policing and security measures less effective. This would lead to the compromise of ongoing or future operations to protect the security or infra-structure of the UK and increase the risk of harm to the public.
Section 31 - Factors Favouring Confirming or Denying
Confirming or denying whether business has been, or is conducted with Amazon Rekognition, or any other likeminded third-party provider, would provide an insight into the Police Service. This would enable the public to have a better understanding of the effectiveness of the police and about how the police operate. It would greatly assist in the quality and accuracy of public debate, which could otherwise be steeped in rumour and speculation. Where public funds are being spent, there is a public interest in accountability and justifying the use of public money.
Section 31 - Factors Against Confirming or Denying
Confirming or denying that any information is held regarding business with Amazon Rekognition, or any other likeminded third-party provider, would have the effect of compromising law enforcement tactics. It has been recorded that FOIA releases are monitored by criminals and terrorists and so to confirm or deny information is held concerning the use or trial of specific products or tools would lead to law enforcement being undermined. The Police Service is reliant upon all manner of techniques during operations and the public release of any modus operandi employed, if held, would prejudice the ability of the Police Service to perform the functions it exists to provide.
By confirming or denying that a business interest exists would hinder the prevention or detection of crime. The Police Service would not wish to reveal what products or tools, i.e. tactics, may or may not have been used as this would clearly undermine the law enforcement and investigative process. This would impact on police resources and more crime and terrorist incidents would be committed, placing individuals at risk. It can be argued that there are significant risks associated with providing information, if held, in relation to any aspect of investigations or of any nation's security arrangements, so confirming or denying that information is held may reveal the relative vulnerability of what we may be trying to protect.
Balance Test
The security of the country is of paramount importance and Warwickshire Police will not divulge whether any information is or is not held regarding business with any company, if to do so would place the safety of an individual at risk, undermine national security or compromise law enforcement.
As much as there is public interest in knowing that policing activity is appropriate and balanced, this will only be overridden in exceptional circumstances. The use of technology can be a sensitive issue that would reveal police tactics and; therefore, it is our opinion that for these issues the balancing test for confirming or denying whether any information is held regarding the police, Amazon Rekognition, or any other likeminded third-party provider, is not made out.
However, this should not be taken as indicating that any information that would meet your request does or does not exist.
Your attention is drawn to the below which details your right of complaint.
Should you have any further enquiries concerning this matter, please write or email the Freedom of Information Unit quoting the reference number above.
Yours sincerely
Freedom of Information Officer
Freedom of Information Unit
Warwickshire Police
PO Box 4
Leek Wootton
Warwickshire
CV35 7QB